Building a Better Forecast: Reformulating the Ensemble Kalman Filter for...

Albright, J., and P. Gregg (2023), Building a Better Forecast: Reformulating the Ensemble Kalman Filter for Improved Applications to Volcano Deformation, Earth and Space, 1, 17.
Abstract: 

As the volume of data collected at monitored volcanoes continues to expand, researchers will need quick, reliable, and automated methods of inverting those data into useful models of the underlying magma systems. Recently adapted from other fields for use in volcanology, the Ensemble Kalman Filter (EnKF) is one such inversion technique that has been used to produce several successful forecasts and hind-casts of volcanic unrest, correlating geodetic deformation with mechanical stresses around the magma reservoir. However, given the similarity in which changes to a reservoir's size and pressure are expressed at the surface, the filter can have trouble fully resolving magmatic conditions. In this study, we therefore test several different published variations of the EnKF workflow to produce an optimal configuration for use in future forecasting efforts. By generating synthetic observations of ground deformation under known conditions and then assimilating them through different implementations of the EnKF, we find that many variants favored in other fields underperform for this specific application. We conclude that correlations between model parameters that develop within the EnKF's Monte Carlo ensemble distort the filter's ability to correctly update the model state, causing the filter to systematically favor changes in some parameters over others and ultimately converge to a partially inaccurate solution. This effect can be somewhat mitigated by interrupting these parameter correlations, and the filter remains sensitive to many aspects of the magma system regardless. However, further research and novel approaches will be needed to truly optimize the EnKF for use in volcanology. Plain Language Summary One of the largest goals of volcanology is building the ability to forecast future eruptions, minimizing the risk to populations on or near active volcanoes. While fields such as atmospheric sciences and physical oceanography have developed a wide variety of computational techniques for forecasting complex physical processes, such techniques have only recently been adapted for volcanology. We test the effectiveness of different variations of the Ensemble Kalman Filter (EnKF), an approach that repeatedly updates a set of physics-based simulations to best fit incoming observations and extrapolate the system trajectory. In particular, we simulate observations of how the ground surface moves in response to an expanding underground magma reservoir, and then pass those data through several versions of the EnKF to see how closely the original conditions are reproduced. Different magma reservoir conditions produce similar observations at the surface, and we find that on a computational level this ambiguity negatively impacts the EnKF's ability to precisely constrain the size and pressure state of the chamber. Regardless, the filter remains sensitive to key aspects of the magma system, including its mechanical stability, and any computational distortions can be somewhat reduced by using versions that introduce varying degrees of randomness into the algorithm.

Research Program: 
Earth Surface & Interior Program (ESI)