Type of the Paper (Article) 1 Coastal Subsidence in Cape Canaveral, FL, and Surrounding 2 Areas: Shallow Subsidence Induced by Natural and Anthropo- 3 genic Processes 4

Cape Canaveral, home to critical space exploration infrastructure, is facing po- 12 tential flooding hazards from land subsidence and sea-level rise. This study utilized three 13 geodetic datasets, Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR), Global Navigation 14 Satellite System (GNSS), and precise leveling to investigate spatial and temporal patterns 15 of vertical land motion (VLM) in Cape Canaveral and its surrounding areas. Our analysis 16 revealed that Cape Canaveral experiences both long-term regional subsidence and local- 17 ized subsiding areas, while Merritt Island and the Peninsular Mainland remain relatively 18 stable. The long-term regional subsidence in Cape Canaveral is likely driven by the com- 19 paction of younger, unconsolidated siliciclastic sediments, with a small contribution from 20 glacial isostatic adjustment (GIA). The three localized subsiding areas identified in Cape 21 Canaveral are each driven by distinct mechanisms: wetland modification in the western 22 area, runway infrastructure development in the central area, and natural compaction of 23 young siliciclastic sediments in the southeastern region. Historical leveling data indicated 24 temporal variations in subsidence rates at Cape Canaveral, from 5 mm/yr during 1950s- 25 70s to 2 mm/yr in the 2000s. These findings have significant implications for infrastructure 26 resilience and flood hazard assessment, as the observed subsidence compounds with pro- 27 jected accelerated sea-level rise in the region. Our results highlight the importance of in- 28 tegrating long-term datasets to better characterize VLM in the dynamic coastal region for 29 effective planning and risk mitigation. 30